تاریخ ایران باستان

by حسن پیرنیا

تألیف
حسن پیرنیا
(مشیرالدّولهٔ سابق)

تاریخ ایران باستان

فهرست مندرجات

1. مدخل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. تذکّر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲

3. قسمت اولی - کلیات ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ازمنهٔ پیش از تاریخ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۳

5. نژادها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. نژاد سفیدپوست ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷

7. نژاد زردپوست ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۹

8. سائر نژادها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۰

9. زبانها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. گروه‌های سه‌گانه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۱

11. خطوط ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

12. مراحل پنج‌گانه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۴-۱۵

13. منابع تاریخ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۶

14. قسمت دوم - مشرق قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

15. حدود مشرق قدیم در مکان و زمان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۸

16. اثرات وضع جغرافیائی مشرق قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۴

17. نژاد ملل مشرق قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

18. بنی سام و بنی حام ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۰

19. مهاجرت بنی سام به مصر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۴

20. مهاجرت بنی سام به عیلام ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۵

21. مردمان شمالی مشرق قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۶

22. مردمان آریانی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۸

23. نتیجه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۰

24. منابع تاریخ مشرق قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

25. سرچشمه‌های نوین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

26. خواندن خطوط قدیمه - کاوش‌ها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

27. ۱ - خطوط قدیمه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

28. خطّ مصری قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۱

29. خطوط میخی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۳

30. خط مملکت و ان، خطّ هیت‌ها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۸

31. خطّ فینیقی، خطّ عربستان جنوبی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۹

32. ۲ - کاوش‌ها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

33. مصر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۰

34. آسور ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۱

35. بابل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۴

36. ایران ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۶

37. سوریّه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۷

38. فلسطین، نوبی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۸

1. کارهای علماء بعد از کشف سرچشمه‌های نوین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. مرحلهٔ اولی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۹

3. مرحلهٔ دوّم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۱

4. مرحلهٔ سوّم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۲

5. سرچشمه‌های قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۶

7. توسیدید، کزنفون، کتزیاس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۲

8. دی‌نن، مان‌تن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۴

9. پرس، پولی‌بیوس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۶

10. دیودور سیسیلی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۷

11. گرنلیوس‌نپوس، تروگ پومپه، گایوس - پلینوس (پلین) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۹

12. یوسف‌فلاویوس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۰

13. کنت‌کورث ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۲

14. کرنلیوس تاسی‌توس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۳

15. پلوتارک ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۴

16. آرّیان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۵

17. فیلون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۶

18. ژوستن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۷

19. آفریکن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۸

20. ازب (اوسویوس)، آم‌مین مارسلّن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۹

21. پروکوب (پروکوپیوس) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۰

22. کتب راجعه به جغرافیای عالم قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

23. اراتس‌تن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۱

24. سترابون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۲

25. ایزیدور خاراکسی، موسی‌خورن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۳

26. مورّخین و نویسندگان ارمنستان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

27. مارآپاس‌کاتی‌نا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۴

28. باردسن، آگاتانژ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۶

29. فوستوس بیزانسی، زنوب گلاگی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۷

30. موسی‌خورن، الیزه وارتابد، لازار فاربی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۸

31. کتب پهلوی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۹

32. مؤلفین قرون اوّلیهٔ اسلامی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۹

33. ابن مقفّع، جاحظ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۰۰

34. طبری، بلاذری ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۰۱

35. ابن خرداذبه، دینوری، حمزهٔ اصفهانی، ابن النّدیم، مسعودی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۰۲

36. اصطخری، ابو الفرج اصفهانی، ابن حوقل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۰۳

37. ابوریحان بیرونی، ثعالبی، المقدیسی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۰۴

38. احمد مسکویه، ابن اثیر، یاقوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۰۵

39. ابن عبری، ابو الفداء، ابن خلدون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۰۶

40. ابن بطوطه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۰۷

41. سال‌شماری در مشرق قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۰۷

42. قسمت سوم - نظری بتاریخ بابل، آسور و عیلام ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

43. اوّل - کلدهٔ قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۱۳

44. ۱ - سومر و اکد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. سومریها و اکّدیها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۱۳

2. مذهب ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۱۴

3. پاتسیهای سومر، اکّدیها و سلسلهٔ سامی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۱۵

4. قوّت یافتن سومر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۱۶

5. انقراض دولت سومر بدست عیلامیها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۱۷

6. کارهائی که سومریها برای بشر کرده‌اند ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۱۸

7. ۲ - بزرگ شدن بابل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8. سلسلهٔ اولی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۱۹

9. ستل حمّوربی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۲۰

10. سلسلهٔ دوّم، سلسلهٔ سوّم (کاسّی‌ها) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۲۴

11. سلسلهٔ چهارم، سلسلهٔ پنجم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۲۵

12. دوّم - دولت آسور ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

13. آسور قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۲۸

14. آسور وسطی، آسور جدید ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۲۹

15. سوّم دولت عیلام ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

16. مقدّمه، حدود عیلام ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۳۰

17. نژاد، زبان، خط ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۳۱

18. مذهب، شهر شوش، تقسیم گذشته‌های عیلام ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۳۲

19. عهد اوّل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۳۳

20. عهد دوّم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۳۴

21. عهد سوّم، جنگ اوّل با آسور ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۳۵

22. جنگ دوّم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۳۶

23. آسور بانی‌پال و جنگهای او ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۳۷

24. انقراض عیلام ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۳۹

25. خاتمه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۴۰

26. قسمت چهارم - مقدمهٔ تاریخ ایران ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

27. شکل جغرافیائی فلات ایران ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

28. اوّل - در اعصار معرفت‌الارضی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۴۳

29. دوّم - در عهود تاریخی و اکنون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۴۴

30. تأثیر شرایط جغرافیائی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۵۲

31. آریانها - شعبه ایرانی آنها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۵۳

32. آمدن آریانها به فلات ایران ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۵۶

33. مذهب آریانها و اخلاق آنها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۵۸

34. خانواده، طبقات، شکل حکومت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۶۰

35. تقسیم تاریخ ایران - مستندات ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

36. تاریخ قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۶۳

37. بعض مقادیر عهد قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۶۵

38. کتاب اول ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

39. دورهٔ مادی، یا اعتلای آریانهای ایرانی در مشرق قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

40. باب اوّل - مادیها و دولت ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

41. فصل اول - مادیها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

42. مقدّمه، مفاد کتیبه‌های آسوری ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۶۸

43. روایت هرودوت و پرس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۷۵

44. فصل دوم - شاهان ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

45. دیوکس (۷۰۸-۶۵۵ ق. م) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۷۶

1. همدان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۷۸

2. فرورتیش (۶۵۵-۶۳۳ ق. م) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۷۹

3. هووخ‌شتر (۶۳۳-۵۸۵ ق. م) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۸۰

4. جنگ با آسور ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۸۰

5. تاخت‌وتاز سکاها در آسیای غربی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۸۲

6. سکاها از کجا به ایران حمله کردند ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. مدّت بودن آنها در ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۸۳

8. تسخیر نینوا، انقراض آسور ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۸۵

9. آسیای غربی پس از سقوط نینوا: بابل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۹۱

10. لیدیّه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۹۴

11. جنگ هووخشتر با لیدیّه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۹۷

12. خصال هووخشتر، حدود ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۱۹۹

13. آستیاگس - اژدهاک ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۰۰

14. نام و نسب ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۰۰

15. اوضاع آسیای غربی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۰۱

16. قیام کوروش بر پادشاه ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۰۲

17. انقراض دولت ماد را چگونه باید تلقی کرد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

18. جهات انقراض دولت ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۰۵

19. معنی و نتیجهٔ این انقراض ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۰۶

20. فصل سوم - روایت کتزیاس راجع به ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

21. اوضاع آسور ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۰۸

22. قیام آرباکس بر آسور ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۰۹

23. دولت ماد پس از آرباکس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۱۲

24. کیفیت نوشته‌های کتزیاس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۱۴

25. شاهان ماد موافق فهرست کتزیاس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۱۵

26. چیزهائی که جالب توجه است ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۱۷

27. باب دوّم - تمدن مادیها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۱۹

28. نتیجه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۲۳

29. کتاب دوم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

30. دورهٔ اوّل پارسی یا استیلای آریانهای ایرانی بر مشرق قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

31. باب اوّل - قسمت تاریخی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۲۶

32. فصل اول - پارسیها و سلسلهٔ هخامنشی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

33. تذکّر، پارسیها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۲۶

34. دودمان هخامنشی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۲۸

35. فصل دوم - سلطنت کوروش بزرگ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

36. اوّل - کوروش تا فتح همدان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۳۲

37. نام او ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۳۲

38. کودکی و جوانی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۳۳

39. نوشته‌های هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۳۳

40. صباوت و شباب ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۳۳

41. قیام کوروش بر شاه ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۳۸

42. روایت کتزیاس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۴۰

43. روایت کزنفون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۴۱

1. تذکّر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲۴۱

2. تولّد کوروش، تربیت پارسیها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲۴۴

3. کودکی کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲۵۰

4. کوروش در دربار ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲۵۵

5. کوروش در پارس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲۶۰

6. نوشته‌های دیودور سیسیلی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲۶۱

7. قطعه‌ای از کتاب نهم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲۶۱

8. نوشته‌های ژوستن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲۶۲

9. لوحهٔ نبونید ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲۶۳

10. مقایسه نوشته‌های مورّخین عهد قدیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۶۴

11. دوّم - فتح سارد و تسخیر لیدیه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۶۷

12. نوشته‌های هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۶۷

13. تذکّر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۶۷

14. احوال لیدیّه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۶۸

15. خبر سقوط همدان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۷۱

16. تلاقی فریقین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۷۵

17. فتح سارد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۷۶

18. کوروش، کرزوس و لیدیّه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۸۱

19. نوشته‌های دیودور سیسیلی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۸۴

20. نوشته‌های ژوستن (تروگ پومپه) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۸۵

21. سند بابلی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۸۶

22. سوّم - کوروش و مستعمرات یونانی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۸۶

23. مستعمرات یونانی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۸۶

24. چهارم - مراجعت کوروش به ایران، وقایع لیدیّه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۹۱

25. پنجم - تسخیر باقی آسیای صغیر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۹۳

26. ششم - نوشته‌های کزنفون راجع بفتوحات کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۹۶

27. صحبت کوروش با پدرش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۲۹۷

28. کوروش در ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۰۴

29. آمدن سفرای هند نزد کیاکسار ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۰۷

30. صحبت کوروش با کیاکسار ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۰۸

31. عزیمت کوروش به ارمنستان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۰۹

32. انقیاد ارمنستان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۱۰

33. جنگ کوروش با کلدانیها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۱۴

34. مراجعت به ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۱۶

35. جنگ اوّل کوروش و مادیها با کرزوس و متحدین او ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۱۷

36. آمدن گرگانیها نزد کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۲۰

37. کوروش سواره نظام تشکیل می‌کند، آزاد کردن اسرا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۲۳

38. خشم کیاکسار ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۲۴

39. گبریاس و کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۲۵

40. پان‌ته‌آ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۲۷

41. کوروش در قصر گبریاس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۲۸

1. نقشهٔ جنگ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۳۳۰

2. حمله به بابل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۳۳۱

3. تصرّف قلعهٔ آسوری ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۳۳۲

4. نجات گاداتاس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۳۳۴

5. خبط کادوسیان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۳۳۵

6. رفتن کوروش بطرف ماد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۳۳۶

7. گله‌گزاری کیاکسار با کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۳۳۷

8. تقاضای عدم مرخّصی قشون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۳۳۹

9. عرابه‌های کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۳۴۲

10. آراسپ به لیدیّه می‌رود ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۴۳

11. آمدن سفرای هند ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۴۵

12. حملهٔ کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۴۷

13. حرکت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۴۹

14. اطّلاعات آراسپ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۵۰

15. وداع آبراداتاس با پان‌ته‌آ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۵۲

16. حرکت کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۵۴

17. جنگ کوروش با کرزوس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۵۸

18. تسخیر سارد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۶۲

19. صحبت کوروش با کرزوس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۶۳

20. مراسم دفن آبراداتاس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۶۶

21. خودکشی پان‌ته‌آ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۶۸

22. رفع اغتشاش کاریّه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۶۹

23. مطیع شدن فریگیّه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۷۰

24. چگونگی نوشته‌های کزنفون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۷۲

25. هفتم - کارهای کوروش پس از مراجعت از سارد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۷۳

26. توجه کوروش بامور شرقی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۷۳

27. ارمنستان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۷۶

28. هشتم - تسخیر بابل و انقراض دولت کلدانی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۷۷

29. اوضاع بابل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۷۷

30. تسخیر بابل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۸۳

31. مدارک بابلی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۸۴

32. نوشته‌های هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۹۲

33. نوشته‌های برس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۹۴

34. نوشته‌های توریة ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۹۵

35. توجه کوروش به ملّت یهود ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۳۹۷

36. نوشته‌های کزنفون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۰۳

37. محاصرهٔ بابل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۰۳

38. تسخیر بابل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۰۵

39. شاه شدن کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۰۸

40. تأسیسات کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۱۵

41. چگونه کوروش اشخاص را جلب می‌کرد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۱۹

42. حرکت کوروش از قصر خود ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۲۴

43. صحبت فرولاس با جوان سکائی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۲۹

44. ضیافت کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۳۱

1. هدایای کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۳۵

2. مرخص کردن متّحدین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۳۶

3. چگونگی نوشته‌های کزنفون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۳۷

4. بابل و بابلیها از نظر هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۳۸

5. نهم - مطیع شدن فینیقیه و فلسطین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۴۲

6. فینیقیّه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۴۲

7. فلسطین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۴۶

8. دهم - امور شمال شرقی ایران، فوت کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۴۶

9. روایت هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۴۶

10. روایت کتزیاس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۵۲

11. روایت برس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۵۴

12. روایت کزنفون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۵۵

13. مراجعت کوروش به پارس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۵۵

14. ورود کوروش به ماد، کوروش در پارس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۵۷

15. فرستادن ولات به ایالات ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۵۹

16. تسخیر سوریّه و فلسطین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۶۲

17. فوت کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۶۳

18. روایت سترابون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۶۹

19. روایت دیودور ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۶۹

20. روایت ژوستن (تروگ پومپه) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۷۰

21. مقایسه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۷۰

22. ماساژتها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۷۳

23. خصال کوروش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۷۴

24. فصل سوم - سلطنت کبوجیه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

25. مبحث اول - نام و نسب و کارهای او تا عزیمت به مصر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۷۸

26. نام و نسب ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۷۸

27. واقعهٔ بردیا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۸۰

28. مبحث دوّم - لشکرکشی به افریقا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۸۴

29. حمله به مصر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۸۴

30. جنگ با مصریها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۸۹

31. سفر جنگی به آمّون و حبشه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۹۲

32. احوال کبوجیه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۴۹۷

33. چگونگی نوشته‌های هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۰۲

34. مصر از نظر هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۰۸

35. مبحث سوّم - هفت ماه فترت، حکومت گئومات ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۱۶

36. خروج بردیای دروغی، فوت کبوجیه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۱۶

37. روایت هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۱۶

38. حکومت گئومات، کشته شدن او ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۲۰

39. نوشته‌های کتزیاس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۳۰

40. نوشته‌های ژوستن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۳۱

1. نوشته‌های داریوش اوّل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۳۲

2. فصل چهارم - سلطنت داریوش اول ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. مبحث اول - فرونشاندن شورشهای ایالات ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۳۷

4. نام و نسب، اوضاع ایران ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۳۷

5. مندرجات کتیبهٔ بزرگ بیستون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۳۸

6. ستون اوّل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۳۹

7. ستون دوّم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۴۰

8. ستون سوّم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۴۵

9. ستون چهارم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۴۸

10. هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۴۹

11. کشفیّات نوین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۵۳

12. زمان شورشها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۵۵

13. کارهای دیگر داریوش، جلوگیری از شورش در آسیای صغیر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۵۶

14. تحقیقات در باب اروپا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۵۹

15. امور افریقا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۶۳

16. جلوگیری از اغتشاش مصر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۶۵

17. اسناد مصری ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۶۸

18. لیبیا از نظر هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۷۲

19. مبحث دوّم - تشکیلات داریوش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۷۵

20. مبحث سوّم - لشکرکشی داریوش به اروپا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۷۷

21. ۱ - رفتن داریوش به سکائیهٔ اروپائی، سکاها چگونه مردمانی بوده‌اند ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۷۷

22. سکائیّه از نظر هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۷۸

23. شعب مردمان سکائی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۸۲

24. مذهب، عادات ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۸۷

25. عدّهٔ نفوس، طرز معیشت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۹۰

26. سکائیّه از نظر سوق‌الجیشی، لشکرکشی داریوش به سکائیه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۹۲

27. نوشتهٔ داریوش، نوشته‌های هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۹۳

28. رفتن داریوش به سکائیه آیا راست است؟ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۱۱

29. سکائیه از نظر دیگران ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۱۵

30. ۲ - تسخیر تراکیه، مقدونیه و جزایر بحر الجرائر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۱۸

31. ۳ - تسخیر جزیرهٔ سامس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۲۷

32. مبحث چهارم - تسخیر قسمتی از هند ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۲۹

33. توصیف هندیها بقلم هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۳۱

34. مبحث پنجم - شورش مستعمرات یونانی و کاریه و قبرس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۳۶

35. مقدّمه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۳۶

36. یاغیگری آریستاگر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۳۸

37. شورش مستعمرات یونانی، کاریّه و قبرس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۴۵

38. تسخیر قبرس از نو ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۴۸

1. تسخیر یونیّه و کاریه از نو ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۵۰

2. سقوط می‌لت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۵۲

3. قتل هیس‌تیه، خاتمهٔ شورشها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۵۵

4. اصلاحات داریوش در مستعمرات یونانی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۵۶

5. تسخیر تراکیّه و مقدونیّه از نو ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۵۸

6. مبحث ششم - جنگ با یونان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۵۹

7. مقدّمات جنگ با یونان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۶۲

8. کل‌امن و دمارات ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۶۴

9. جنگ اوّل ایران با یونان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۶۶۸

10. جدال ماراتن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۷۱

11. چگونگی نوشته‌های هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۷۵

12. روایت دیودور، روایت ژوستن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۸۰

13. پس از جدال ماراتن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۸۱

14. مبحث هفتم - تدارکات جدید برای جنگ با یونان، شورش مصر، فوت داریوش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۸۲

15. جهت شورش مصر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۸۲

16. مسئلهٔ ولایت عهد، فوت داریوش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۸۴

17. خصال داریوش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۸۷

18. مبحث هشتم - وسعت ممالک ایران در زمان داریوش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۹۱

19. پایتخت‌ها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۹۵

20. فصل پنجم - سلطنت خشیارشا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۹۸

21. مبحث اوّل - نام و نسب نام، نسب ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۹۸

22. مبحث دوّم - فرونشاندن شورش مصر و بابل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

23. اسکات شورش مصر، فرونشاندن شورش بابل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۹۹

24. مبحث سوّم - جنگ ایران و یونان تذکر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۰۱

25. قسمت اولی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۰۴

26. مقدّمات جنگ تحریکات یونانیهای فراری، مجلس مشورت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۰۴

27. خوابهای خشیارشا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۱۱

28. قسمت دوم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۱۴

29. تدارکات جنگ - حرکت لشکر ایران بطرف داردانل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

30. تدارکات ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۱۴

31. حرکت لشکرها، تقدیمی پی‌ثی‌یوس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۱۶

32. ساختن پل جدید در داردانل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۱۸

33. حادثهٔ آسمانی بقول هرودوت، مجازات پسر پی‌ثی‌یوس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۲۰

34. ترتیب حرکت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۲۱

35. خطّ حرکت از لیدیّه به داردانل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۲۲

1. قسمت سوم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۲۳

2. عبور لشکر ایران از هلّس‌پونت، وقایع بعد تا جنگ ترموپیل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. صحبت شاه با اردوان، سان لشکرها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۲۳

4. عبور از بوغاز داردانل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۲۷

5. معجزه‌های هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۲۸

6. عدّهٔ نفرات لشکر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۲۹

7. شرح لباس و اسلحهٔ ملل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۳۰

8. بحریه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۴۰

9. سان سپاه برّی و بحری، صحبت خشیارشا با دملرات ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۴۴

10. حرکت خشیارشا بطرف یونان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۴۷

11. از آکانت تا تسّالی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۵۰

12. تسخیر ولایات شمالی یونان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۵۲

13. احوال یونان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۵۶

14. جاسوسان یونانیها در سارد ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۵۹

15. استمداد یونانیها از آرگس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۶۰

16. استمداد از پادشاه سیسیل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۶۲

17. سفرای یونان در کرسبر: امتناع کریتیها از امداد، تسلیم شدن تسّالی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۶۷

18. تنگ ترموپیل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۶۸

19. حرکت سفاین از ترم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۷۰

20. عدّهٔ نفرات لشکر ایران ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۷۱

21. آسیب یافتن قسمتی از بحریه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۷۳

22. قسمت چهارم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۷۵

23. فتح ترموپیل مسابقهٔ اسبهای پارسی و یونانی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۷۵

24. جدال ترموپیل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۷۹

25. قسمت پنجم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۸۸

26. جدالهای آرتمیزیوم، فرار بحریهٔ یونان به سالامین عدّهٔ سفاین یونانی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۸۸

27. جدالهای آرتمیزیوم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۹۱

28. تسخیر فوسید ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۹۷

29. تسخیر شهرهای دیگر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۹۸

30. قسمت ششم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۰۱

31. فتح آتن، وقایع بعد تا جنگ سالامین تسخیر آتن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۰۱

32. وقایع بعد تا جدال سالامین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۰۴

33. قسمت هفتم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۰۸

34. جدال سالامین، مراجعت خشیارشا به آسیا (۴۸۰ ق. م) احوال یونانیها قبل از جدال ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۰۸

35. جدال سالامین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۱۲

36. مراجعت خشیارشا به آسیا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۱۷

37. جدال سالامین به روایت پلوتارک ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۲۴

38. قسمت هشتم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۲۷

39. وقایع بعد تا جدال پلاته احوال یونان پس از جدال سالامین ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۲۷

1. کارهای مردونیه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۳۰

2. حرکت مردونیه بطرف آتن ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۳۴

3. زدوخوردهای مختصر ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۴۱

4. قسمت نهم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۴۴

5. جدال پلاته (۴۷۹ ق. م) نفرات طرفین متخاصمین، غیب‌گوئیها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۴۴

6. جدال پلاته ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۵۵

7. قسمت دهم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۶۴

8. جدال میکال و تسخیر سس‌تس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9. جدال میکال ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۶۴

10. سس‌تس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۷۰

11. اداء وظیفه نسبت بنام هرودوت ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۷۲

12. قسمت یازدهم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۷۵

13. جنگهای ایران و یونان به روایت دیودور سیسیلی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

14. جنگ قرطاجنه با جبّار سیسیل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۷۸

15. قسمت دوازدهم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۸۲

16. نوشته‌های ژوستن راجع باین جنگها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

17. قسمت سیزدهم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۸۳

18. جهات عدم بهره‌مندی ایرانیان موافق روایات یونانی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

19. جهات عدم بهره‌مندی ایرانیها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۸۳

20. اهمیّت این جنگها در تاریخ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۸۷

21. مبحث چهارم - خشیارشا پس از مراجعت از یونان، حملهٔ یونانیها به آسیای صغیر و قبرس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۸۹

22. احوال خشیارشا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۸۹

23. حملات یونانیان به مستملکات ایران ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۹۴

24. قضیهٔ پوزانیاس ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۹۵

25. مبحث پنجم - دربار خشیارشا به روایت توریة ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۸۹۷

26. مبحث ششم - قتل خشیارشا، خصائل او ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۰۴

27. قتل خشیارشا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۰۴

28. خصائل خشیارشا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۰۵

فهرست گراورها

1. (۱) - مجسّمهٔ ناقص ملکهٔ ناپیرآسو ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۳۵

2. (۲) - نزدیکی مال‌میر، حجّاریها و کتیبه‌های شوشی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۴۰

3. (۳) - مال‌میر، حجّاری عیلامی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۱۴۱

4. (۴) - سرپل‌زهاب، دکّان داود ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۲۲۲

5. (۵) - پاسارگاد، مقبرهٔ کوروش بزرگ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۵۳

6. (۶) - پاسارگاد، حجّاری برجسته ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۷۲

7. (۷) - پاسارگاد، منظرهٔ خرابه‌های قصری ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۴۷۳

8. (۸) - حجّاریهای برجسته و کتیبه بیستون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۴۱

9. (۹) - حجّاری بیستون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۵۴۹

10. (۱۰) - تخت‌جمشید، دورنمای قصر از بالا بخطّ مستقیم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۸۰

11. (۱۱) - تخت‌جمشید، پیشانی قصر داریوش اوّل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۸۵

12. (۱۲) - در و پنجرهٔ قصر داریوش اوّل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۹۱

13. (۱۳) - روپوش دیوارهای طالارها ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۵۹۷

14. (۱۴) - آسمانه (سرادق) شاهی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۰۲

15. (۱۵) - تخت‌جمشید، جدال شاه با حیوان افسانه‌ای ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۰۸

16. (۱۶) - تخت‌جمشید، خادمان شاهی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۱۴

17. (۱۷) - تخت‌جمشید، ستون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۲۱

18. (۱۸) - مقایسهٔ ستونهای مختلف تخت‌جمشید ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۲۶

19. (۱۹) - تخت‌جمشید، جدال شاه با حیوان افسانه‌ای ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۳۲

20. (۲۰) - برگهٔ عمودی تخت شاهی در نقش رستم ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۴۱

21. (۲۱) - تخت‌جمشید، پلّه‌کان قصر داریوش اوّل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۴۷

22. (۲۲) - نقش رستم، مدخل برج مقبرهٔ داریوش اوّل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۸۶

23. (۲۳) - نقش رستم، مقبرهٔ داریوش بزرگ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۸۹

24. (۲۴) - مهر داریوش اوّل ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۹۳

25. (۲۵) - نقش رستم، مقبرهٔ داریوش بزرگ با چوب بست ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۶۹۶

26. (۲۶) - تخت‌جمشید، طرف شمال و غرب صفّه، قصر خشیارشا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۰۷

27. (۲۷) - طالار خشیارشا وقتی که آباد بوده ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۱۶

28. (۲۸) - تخت‌جمشید، رواق شرقی قصر خشیارشا، سرستون و پایه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۱۹

29. (۲۹) - تخت‌جمشید، نقش‌های برجستهٔ چهارچوب طالار صد ستون ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۲۶

30. (۳۰) - تخت‌جمشید، حجّاریهای برجسته پی طالار خشیارشا ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۳۷

31. (۳۱) - دهلیز قصر خشیارشا در تخت‌جمشید، زمانی که برپا بوده ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۶۳

32. (۳۲) - تخت‌جمشید، حجّاریهای برجستهٔ چهارچوب قصر نمره ۷ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۶۶

33. (۳۳) - تخت‌جمشید، دورنمای طالار خشیارشا زمانی که برپا بوده ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۸۳

34. (۳۴) - طالار صد ستون زمانی که آباد بوده ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۷۸۶

فهرست گراورها

1. (۳۵) - سرستون قصر شوش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۷۸۹

2. (۳۶) - پایهٔ ستون قصر بزرگ شوش ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۱۳

3. (۳۷) - طالار صد ستون، منظرهٔ درونی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۲۶

4. (۳۸) - شوش، فریز تیراندازان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۳۷

5. (۳۹) - نقش رستم، مقبرهٔ داریوش، سر یک نفر قراول ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۵۳

6. (۴۰) - شوش، قطعه‌ای از چهارچوب در طالاری ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۶۲

7. (۴۱) - کاشی لعاب‌دار ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۷۱

8. (۴۲) - شوش، قطعه‌ای از زینت پلّه‌کان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۸۰

9. (۴۳) - شوش، زینتی از کاشی‌سازی ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   ۸۹۰

10. (۴۴) - تخت‌جمشید، قراولان ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    ۹۰۱

فهرست نقشه‌ها

1. نقشهٔ دولت هخامنشی در زمان داریوش بزرگ

   ۶۹۱

2. نقشهٔ لشکرکشی خشیارشا بیونان

   ۷۱۴

این اثر در ایران، کشوری که برای اولین بار در آنجا منتشر شده است، در مالکیت عمومی قرار دارد. همچنین در ایالات متحده هم طبق بخشنامه 38a دفتر حق تکثیر ایالات متحده در مالکیت عمومی قرار دارد. در مورد اشخاص حقیقی این بدین معنا است که مؤلف این اثر قبل از ۳۱ مرداد ۱۳۵۹ درگذشته یا اینکه از تاریخ مرگش بیش از ۵۰ سال گذشته است. در مورد اشخاص حقوقی نیز نشان دهنده این است از تاریخ اولین انتشار اثر بیش از ۳۰ سال گذشته است.